ပါရမီ(၁၀)ပါး။ အျပား(၃၀)။
၁. ဒါန ပါရမီ= ေပးကမ္းစြန္႔ၾကဲ လွဴဒါန္း၍ ပါရမီျဖည့္က်င့္ျခင္း။
Dāna pāramī : generosity, giving of oneself
達納 pāramī：慷慨給予自己
၂. သီလ ပါရမီ= (၅)ပါး၊ (၈)ပါး၊ (၉)ပါး စသည့္ သီလတို႔ကို ေစာင့္ထိန္း၍ ပါရမီျဖည့္က်င့္ျခင္း။
Sīla pāramī : virtue, morality, proper conduct
西拉 pāramī：美德，道德，正當行為
၃. ေနကၡမၼ ပါရမီ= ေလာကီအာရံု ကာမဂုဏ္ကို စြန္႔လႊတ္၍ ပါရမီျဖည့္က်င့္ျခင္း။
Nekkhamma pāramī : renunciation
Nekkhamma pāramī：放棄
၄. ပညာ ပါရမီ= ေလာကီ ေလာကုတၱရာဉာဏ္ပညာ တိုးပြါးေအာင္ ပါရမီျဖည့္က်င့္ျခင္း။
Paññā pāramī : transcendental wisdom, insight
潘納 pāramī：超越的智慧，洞察力
၅. ဝီရိယ ပါရမီ= ဇြဲလုံ႔လ ၀ီရိယျဖင့္ အျမဲၾကိဳးစား၍ ပါရမီျဖည့္က်င့္ျခင္း။
Viriya (also spelt vīriya) pāramī : energy, diligence, vigour, effort
Viriya （也說明vīriya）pāramī：能源，勤奮，活力，努力
၆. ခႏၱီ ပါရမီ= အရာရာတိုင္းကို သည္းခံ၍ ပါရမီျဖည့္က်င့္ျခင္း။။
Khanti pāramī : patience, tolerance, forbearance, acceptance, endurance
Khanti pāramī：耐心，寬容，忍耐，接受，耐力
၇. သစၥာ ပါရမီ= အျမဲတမ္း မွန္ကန္ေသာ စကားကို ေျပာဆို၍ ပါရမီျဖည့္က်င့္ျခင္း။
Sacca pāramī : truthfulness, honesty
Sacca pāramī：真，誠
၈. အဓိ႒ာန ပါရမီ= စိတ္ဆံုးျဖတ္သည့္အတိုင္း စြဲျမဲခိုင္မာစြာ ျပဳလုပ္၍ ပါရမီျဖည့္က်င့္ျခင္း။
Adhiṭṭhāna (adhitthana) pāramī : determination, resolution
Adhiṭṭhāna （adhitthana）pāramī：測定，決議
၉. ေမတၱာ ပါရမီ= သူတပါးအက်ိဳးကို လိုလား၍ သတၱ၀ါတိုင္းအေပၚ ေမတၱာထားကာ ပါရမီျဖည့္က်င့္ျခင္း။
Mettā pāramī : loving-kindness
梅塔 pāramī：慈愛
၁၀. ဥေပကၡာ ပါရမီ= ဆင္းရဲ ခ်မ္းသာမႈအေပၚ တုန္လႈပ္မႈမရွိဘဲ၊ လစ္လ်ဴရႈ၍ ပါရမီျဖည့္က်င့္ျခင္း။
Upekkhā (also spelt upekhā) pāramī : equanimity, serenity
Upekkhā （也說明upekhā）pāramī：平靜，平靜၁။ မူလ(ရိုးရိုး)ပါရမီ(၁၀)ပါး
ကိုယ္ပိုင္ဆိုင္ေသာ ပစၥည္းဥစၥ အရာ၀တၳဳအားလံုးကို စြန္႔လႊတ္ လွဴဒါန္းျခင္း။ (အလွဴခံလာပါက ဇနီးမယား၊ သမီး သားတို႔ကိုလည္း စြန္႔လႊတ္ လွဴဒါန္းျခင္း။ )၂။ ဥပပါရမီ(၁၀)ပါး
ကိုယ္ခႏၶာႏွင့္ ဆက္စပ္ေသာ ပိုယ္အဂၤါ အစိတ္အပိုင္း အားလံုးကို စြန္႔လႊတ္ လွဴဒါန္းျခင္း။( ကိုယ္အဂၤအစတ္အပိုင္းဟူသည္ မ်က္စိ၊ လက္၊ ေျခ စသည့္ လိုအပ္တာမွန္သမွ် စြန္႔လႊတ္ လွဴဒါန္းျခင္း။ )၃။ ပရမတၳပါရမီ(၁၀)ပါး
ကိုယ့္အသက္ကို မငဲ့ကြက္ဘဲ၊ အသက္စြန္႔ကာ စြန္႔လႊတ္ လွဴဒါန္းျခင္း။ ။ (အသက္ အေသခံကာ လွဴဒါန္းမႈမွန္သမွ် ပရမတၳပါရမီပင္တည္း။)ပါရမီ (၁၀)ပါးကို ဤ ၃-ပါျဖင့္ ေျမွာက္ပါက အျပား(၃၀)ျဖစ္၏။ ဥပမာ။ ။ ဒါနပါရမီသည္ ၁။ဒါနပါရမီ၊ ၂။ဒါနဥပပါရမီ၊ ၃။ဒါနပရမတၳပါရမီ ဟူ၍ သံုးပါးစီ ျဖစ္လာ၍ ပရမီ(၁၀)ပါးမွသည္ အျပား(၃၀) ျဖစ္လာရပါသည္။
Theravāda Buddhism
Theravāda Buddhism's teachings on the pāramitās can be found in late canonical books and post-canonical commentaries.
Canonical sources
In the Pāli canon's Buddhavaṃsa[3] the Ten Perfections (dasa pāramiyo) are (original terms in Pāli):
- Dāna pāramī : generosity, giving of oneself
- Sīla pāramī : virtue, morality, proper conduct
- Nekkhamma pāramī : renunciation
- Paññā pāramī : transcendental wisdom, insight
- Viriya (also spelt vīriya) pāramī : energy, diligence, vigour, effort
- Khanti pāramī : patience, tolerance, forbearance, acceptance, endurance
- Sacca pāramī : truthfulness, honesty
- Adhiṭṭhāna (adhitthana) pāramī : determination, resolution
- Mettā pāramī : loving-kindness
- Upekkhā (also spelt upekhā) pāramī : equanimity, serenity
Two of the above virtues, metta and upekkha also comprise two of the four immeasurables (brahmavihāra).
Historicity
The Theravādin teachings on pāramitās can be found in canonical books (Jātaka, Apadāna, Buddhavaṃsa, Cariyāpiṭaka) and post-canonical commentaries which were written to supplement the Pāli canon at a later time, and thus they are not an original part of the Theravādin teachings.[4][5] The oldest parts of the Sutta Piṭaka (for example, Majjhima Nikāya, Digha Nikāya, Saṃyutta Nikāya and the Aṅguttara Nikāya) do not have any mention of the pāramitās as a category (though they are all mentioned individually).[6]
Some scholars even refer to the teachings of the pāramitās as a semi-Mahāyāna[7] teaching which was added to the scriptures at a later time, in order to appeal to the interests and needs of the lay community and to
popularize their religion.[8]
However, these views rely on the early scholarly presumption of
Mahāyāna originating with religious devotion and appeal to laity. More
recently, scholars have started to open up early Mahāyāna literature
which is very ascetic and expounds the ideal of the monk's life in the
forest.[9] Therefore, the practice of the pāramitās is closer to the ideals of the ascetic tradition of the śramaṇa in Buddhism.
Traditional practice
Bodhi (2005) maintains that, in the earliest Buddhist texts (which he identifies as the first four nikāyas), those seeking the extinction of suffering (nibbana) pursued the noble eightfold path. As time went on, a backstory was provided for the multi-life development of the Buddha; as a result, the ten perfections were identified as part of the path for the bodhisattva (Pāli: bodhisatta). Over subsequent centuries, the pāramīs were seen as being significant to aspirants of both Buddhahood and of arahantship. Thus, Bodhi (2005) summarizes:
- It should be noted that in established Theravāda tradition the pāramīs are not regarded as a discipline peculiar to candidates for Buddhahood alone but as practices which must be fulfilled by all
aspirants to enlightenment and deliverance, whether as Buddhas, paccekabuddhas, or disciples.
What distinguishes the supreme bodhisattva from aspirants in the other
two vehicles is the degree to which the pāramīs must be cultivated and
the length of time they must be pursued. But the qualities themselves
are universal requisites for deliverance, which all must fulfill to at
least a minimal degree to merit the fruits of the liberating path.[10]
Mahāyāna Buddhism
In Mahāyāna Buddhism, the Lotus Sutra (Saddharmapundarika), lists the six perfections as (original terms in Sanskrit):
- Dāna pāramitā: generosity, giving of oneself (in Chinese, Korean, and Japanese, 布施波羅蜜; in Wylie Tibetan, sbyin-pa)
- Śīla pāramitā : virtue, morality, discipline, proper conduct (持戒波羅蜜; tshul-khrims)
- Kṣānti (kshanti) pāramitā : patience, tolerance, forbearance, acceptance, endurance (忍辱波羅蜜, bzod-pa)
- Vīrya pāramitā : energy, diligence, vigor, effort (精進波羅蜜, brtson-’grus)
- Dhyāna pāramitā : one-pointed concentration, contemplation (禪定波羅蜜, bsam-gtan)
- Prajñā pāramitā : wisdom, insight (智慧波羅蜜, shes-rab)
Note that this list is also mentioned by the Theravāda commentator Dhammapala, who says it is equivalent to the above list of ten.[11]
In the Ten Stages (Daśabhūmika) Sutra, four more pāramitās are listed:
- 7. Upāya pāramitā: skillful means
- 8. Praṇidhāna pāramitā: vow, resolution, aspiration, determination
- 9. Bala pāramitā: spiritual power
- 10. Jñāna pāramitā: knowledge
Tibetan Buddhism
According to the perspective of Tibetan Buddhism, Mahāyāna practitioners have the choice of two practice paths: the path of perfection (Sanskrit:pāramitāyāna) or the path of tantra (Sanskrit:tantrayāna), which is the Vajrayāna.
Traleg Kyabgon Rinpoche renders "pāramitā" into English as "transcendent action" and then frames and qualifies it:
When we say that paramita means "transcendent action," we mean it in the sense that actions or attitude are performed in a non-egocentric manner. "Transcendental" does not refer to some external
reality, but rather to the way in which we conduct our lives and
perceive the world - either in an egocentric or a non-egocentric way.
The six paramitas are concerned with the effort to step out of the egocentric mentality.
The gyulü is said to be endowed with the six perfections (Sanskrit: ṣad-pāramitā).
]
上座部佛教
Theravāda Buddhism 's teachings on the pāramitās can be found in late canonical books and post-canonical commentaries . 上座部 佛教的教義的波羅蜜可以出現在晚典型的書籍，後規範的評論 。
Canonical sources 典型來源
In the Pāli canon's Buddhavaṃsa [ 3 ] the Ten Perfections ( dasa pāramiyo ) are (original terms in Pāli):在巴利文經典的 Buddhavaṃsa [3]十大之完善（ 達沙pāramiyo）是（原條款在八里）：
- Dāna pāramī : generosity, giving of oneself 達納 pāramī：慷慨給予自己
- Sīla pāramī : virtue, morality, proper conduct 西拉 pāramī：美德，道德，正當行為
- Nekkhamma pāramī : renunciation Nekkhamma pāramī：放棄
- Paññā pāramī : transcendental wisdom, insight 潘納 pāramī：超越的智慧，洞察力
- Viriya (also spelt vīriya ) pāramī : energy, diligence, vigour, effort Viriya （也說明vīriya）pāramī：能源，勤奮，活力，努力
- Khanti pāramī : patience, tolerance, forbearance, acceptance, endurance Khanti pāramī：耐心，寬容，忍耐，接受，耐力
- Sacca pāramī : truthfulness, honesty Sacca pāramī：真，誠
- Adhiṭṭhāna ( adhitthana ) pāramī : determination, resolution Adhiṭṭhāna （adhitthana）pāramī：測定，決議
- Mettā pāramī : loving-kindness 梅塔 pāramī：慈愛
- Upekkhā (also spelt upekhā ) pāramī : equanimity, serenity Upekkhā （也說明upekhā）pāramī：平靜，平靜
Two of the above virtues, metta and upekkha also comprise two of the four immeasurables ( brahmavihāra ).上述兩種美德， 愛心和upekkha還包括兩個四個immeasurables （brahmavihāra）。
Historicity 歷史性
The Theravādin teachings on pāramitās can be found in canonical books ( Jātaka , Apadāna , Buddhavaṃsa , Cariyāpiṭaka ) and post-canonical commentaries which were written to supplement the Pāli canon at a later time, and thus they are not an original part of the Theravādin teachings. [ 4 ] [ 5 ] The oldest parts of the Sutta Piṭaka (for example, Majjhima Nikāya , Digha Nikāya , Saṃyutta Nikāya and the Aṅguttara Nikāya ) do not have any mention of the pāramitās as a category (though they are all mentioned individually). [ 6 ]在南傳教義上波羅蜜中可以找到典型的書籍（ 睒子本生故事 ， Apadāna ， Buddhavaṃsa ， Cariyāpiṭaka ）和後規範的評論其中書面補充巴利佳能在稍後的時間，因此他們是不是原來的一部分，南傳教義。 [4] [5]最古老的部分的經文Piṭaka （例如， 中阿含 ， Digha尼柯耶 ， Saṃyutta尼柯耶和Aṅguttara尼柯耶 ）沒有任何提及波羅蜜為一類（雖然他們都提到單獨） 。 [6]
Some scholars even refer to the teachings of the pāramitās as a semi-Mahāyāna [ 7 ] teaching which was added to the scriptures at a later time, in order to appeal to the interests and needs of the lay community and to
popularize their religion. [ 8 ]
However, these views rely on the early scholarly presumption of
Mahāyāna originating with religious devotion and appeal to laity.有些學者甚至指的教誨的波羅蜜作為半大乘[7]教學被添加到了聖經在稍後的時間，為了呼籲的利益和需要社會和普及奠定他們的宗教。 [ 8]然而，這些意見依靠早期學術推定大乘起源與宗教虔誠，並呼籲俗人。 More
recently, scholars have started to open up early Mahāyāna literature
which is very ascetic and expounds the ideal of the monk's life in the
forest. [ 9 ] Therefore, the practice of the pāramitās is closer to the ideals of the ascetic tradition of the śramaṇa in Buddhism.最近，學者們開始開放初期大乘文學這是非常苦行，闡述了理想的僧人的生活在森林裡。 [9]因此，實踐中波羅蜜更接近理想的苦行傳統的śramaṇa佛教。
Traditional practice 傳統的做法
Bodhi (2005) maintains that, in the earliest Buddhist texts (which he identifies as the first four nikāyas ), those seeking the extinction of suffering ( nibbana ) pursued the noble eightfold path .菩提（2005）認為，在最早的佛教典籍（他確定的第一個四阿含 ），那些尋求消光的痛苦 （ 涅槃 ）所追求的八正道 。 As time went on, a backstory was provided for the multi-life development of the Buddha ; as a result, the ten perfections were identified as part of the path for the bodhisattva (Pāli: bodhisatta ).隨著時間的推移，一個故事背景是提供了多生命發展的佛 ，這樣一來，十波羅蜜被確定為部分路徑為菩薩 （巴利： 菩薩 ）。 Over subsequent centuries, the pāramīs were seen as being significant to aspirants of both Buddhahood and of arahantship .在隨後的幾個世紀以來，pāramīs被看作是具有重要意義有志雙方成佛和arahantship 。 Thus, Bodhi (2005) summarizes:因此，菩提（2005）總結：
- It should be noted that in established Theravāda tradition the pāramīs are not regarded as a discipline peculiar to candidates for Buddhahood
alone but as practices which must be fulfilled by all aspirants to
enlightenment and deliverance, whether as Buddhas , paccekabuddhas , or disciples .應當指出，在建立上座部佛教傳統pāramīs不被視為一門學科特有的候選人成佛單，但作為慣例必須滿足所有追求者以啟迪和解脫，不論是佛 ， paccekabuddhas ，或弟子 。 What
distinguishes the supreme bodhisattva from aspirants in the other two
vehicles is the degree to which the pāramīs must be cultivated and the
length of time they must be pursued.至高無上的菩薩有什麼區別，從有志在其他兩輛車，是何種程度上的pāramīs必須培育和長度的時候，他們必須繼續下去。 But
the qualities themselves are universal requisites for deliverance,
which all must fulfill to at least a minimal degree to merit the fruits
of the liberating path. [ 10 ]但本身的素質普遍前提條件解脫，它都必須履行至少一個最小的程度，值得果實解放的道路。 [10]
Mahāyāna Buddhism 大乘佛教
In Mahāyāna Buddhism, the Lotus Sutra ( Saddharmapundarika ), lists the six perfections as (original terms in Sanskrit):在大乘佛教中， 妙法蓮華經 （ 法華 ），列出了六度為（原有條款梵文）：
- Dāna pāramitā : generosity, giving of oneself (in Chinese, Korean, and Japanese, 布施波羅蜜; in Wylie Tibetan , sbyin-pa ) 布施波羅蜜 ：慷慨，給自己（中文，韓文和日文，布施波羅蜜，在衛理藏 ，sbyin - PA）的
- Śīla pāramitā : virtue, morality, discipline, proper conduct (持戒波羅蜜; tshul-khrims ) 戒波羅蜜 ：美德，道德，紀律，適當進行（持戒波羅蜜; tshul - khrims）
- Kṣānti (kshanti) pāramitā : patience, tolerance, forbearance, acceptance, endurance (忍辱波羅蜜, bzod-pa ) Kṣānti （kshanti）波羅蜜 ：耐心，寬容，忍耐，接受，耐力（忍辱波羅蜜，bzod - PA）的
- Vīrya pāramitā : energy, diligence, vigor, effort (精進波羅蜜, brtson-'grus ) Vīrya波羅蜜 ：能源，勤奮，充滿活力，努力（精進波羅蜜，brtson - 'grus）
- Dhyāna pāramitā : one-pointed concentration, contemplation (禪定波羅蜜, bsam-gtan ) 禪波羅蜜 ：一尖濃度，沉思（禪定波羅蜜，bsam - gtan）
- Prajñā pāramitā : wisdom, insight (智慧波羅蜜, shes-rab ) 般若波羅蜜 ：智慧，洞察力（智慧波羅蜜， 畬族，饒 ）
Note that this list is also mentioned by the Theravāda commentator Dhammapala , who says it is equivalent to the above list of ten. [ 11 ]請注意，此名單也提到了上座部評論員Dhammapala ，誰說，這是等效於上面列出十個。 [11]
In the Ten Stages ( Daśabhūmika ) Sutra, four more pāramitās are listed:在十地 （Daśabhūmika）經，四個波羅蜜列出：
- 7. Upāya pāramitā : skillful means 7。 Upāya波羅蜜 ：巧妙的手段
- 8. Praṇidhāna pāramitā : vow, resolution, aspiration, determination 8。 Praṇidhāna波羅蜜 ：誓言，分辨率，願望，決心
- 9. Bala pāramitā : spiritual power 9。 巴拉波羅蜜 ：精神的力量
- 10. Jñāna pāramitā : knowledge 10。 Jñāna波羅蜜 ：知識
Tibetan Buddhism 藏傳佛教
According to the perspective of Tibetan Buddhism , Mahāyāna practitioners have the choice of two practice paths: the path of perfection (Sanskrit: pāramitāyāna ) or the path of tantra (Sanskrit: tantrayāna ), which is the Vajrayāna.根據角度藏傳佛教 ， 大乘練習者的實踐路徑選擇二：完善的路徑（梵文：pāramitāyāna）或路徑密宗 （梵文： 密宗 ），這是金剛乘。
Traleg Kyabgon Rinpoche renders " pāramitā " into English as "transcendent action" and then frames and qualifies it: Traleg Kyabgon仁波切呈現“ 圓滿 ”成英文的“超越行動”，然後框架和資格是：
The gyulü is said to be endowed with the six perfections (Sanskrit: ṣad-pāramitā ). [ 13 ]該gyulü被認為是賦予了六度（梵文： 悲傷-波羅蜜 ）。When we say that paramita means "transcendent action," we mean it in the sense that actions or attitude are performed in a non-egocentric manner.當我們說圓滿的意思是“超越行動”，是指它在某種意義上說，執行行動或態度是在非自我為中心的方式。 "Transcendental" does not refer to some external reality, but rather to the way in which we conduct our lives and perceive the world - either in an egocentric
or a non-egocentric way. “超越”不是指一些外部的現實，而是我們的行為方式，我們的生活和對世界的看法 - 無論是在一個自我中心的還是非自我為中心的方式。 The six paramitas are concerned with the effort to step out of the egocentric mentality. [ 12 ] 六度關心的是努力，走出了自我中心的心態。
